By Melanie Bishop
Frontier: a memoir & a ghost story by Erica Stern
Erica Stern’s memoir, Frontier, tells a story so multi-layered that it’s hard to place it in a category with other memoirs. Part memoir, part fictional wild west story, part research/history, Frontier goes back and forth between nonfiction—Stern’s birth story and research/reportage on historical atrocities in childbirth—and fiction—a story she imagines, seemingly as an escape from the brutal reality of the memoir’s present.
When Stern’s baby boy is delivered with forceps and then whisked away, her husband Jed tells her, “Its head is a funny shape. It’s strange looking. Not like a baby.” Whatever mysterious syndrome the doctors have identified, baby is off to the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) and mom, now at risk for seizures due to a companion syndrome known as HELLP, must have large doses of magnesium delivered intravenously. Readers are kept in the dark as much as the narrator is, as all this is happening around her, but very little is being explained.
After the baby is taken to the NICU, Stern departs from the memoir and enters the fictional world of the wild west story. In this world, childbirth is even scarier—the unnamed narrator endures early labor pains crouched in an outhouse, before walking to her midwife’s home where she gives birth on the dining table, covered with newspapers. The baby does not live.
“‘Do you want to know what it is?’ the midwife asks. I see the top of what must be a head, though so gray and misshapen it looks nothing like a head at all, more like a rotting cabbage” (45).
Given the similarity between Jed’s first impression of their son’s head and this woman’s description of her dead baby’s head, we imagine that this imaginary baby died from the same syndrome Stern’s baby was treated for. Shortly after, the fictional mom also died. Everything happening in the present-day memoir is super-imposed onto a palette of the distant past, an era when the same situation would’ve surely been fatal for mother and child.
Interesting choice Stern made to write fictional sections in first-person, female viewpoint. In doing so, Stern invites the reader to confuse the two narrators, conflate them into one fierce, frightened woman, in the grip of childbirth, one of them observing from a post-mortem state in the distant past, the other observing from the air vent in a contemporary hospital room. The fact that both births are taking place around the Fourth of July is another way Stern links and blurs the fictional and the real.
A strength of Stern’s rendering of her own birth story is her ability to keep the reader as uninformed as she was at the time, disseminating necessary info like a slow drip IV, to keep readers hungry for the next detail, keep them craving clarity on what is actually happening to Stern and her baby. The only downside of this intensity is it results in readers’ impatience with the fictional, wild west sections. While the wild west ghost story is as beautifully written as the memoir passages, readers feel desperately allegiant to the real-life experience unfolding before them, therefore being tempted to rush through the ghost story.
Another strength is Stern’s weaving in of various threads of memoir, history and culture that enrich her narrative—a harrowing history of obstetrics; her own experience as a child performing in the musical Godspell; the biblical parable of Jonah and the Whale. When Stern and her husband finally are pushed to come up with a name for their son, they name him Jonah, suspended as he is in the belly of the NICU.
From the history of obstetrics Stern meticulously researched, we learn so much: About maneuvers previously performed by midwives, later replicated by male doctors who named the maneuvers after themselves—trying to “own” the female experience of childbirth.
And so much worse. Consider the following passage on medical experimentation on enslaved women:
…[their] bodies…became living laboratories for a system built on denying their humanity and agency. About a century after the costumed intrusions of William Smellie, Alabama doctor Marion J. Sims performed a series of excruciating experimental gynecologic surgeries—over and over on the same handful of women—without the aid of anesthetics. Dr. Sims bargained for access to their bodies as part of a deal with plantation owners: They would hand over the women and in return would get more labor (if he could fix their fistulas, Sims argued, the women could both work again and bear more children); Sims would benefit via clout and elevated standing in the field; white women on the sidelines would receive better care as a result of his breakthroughs. The enslaved women themselves got no choice in the matter, but their unfathomable pain … was the primary currency of the entire exchange (81).
Horrifying. By including these atrocities, Stern not only educates the reader, but she places her own traumatic experience on a continuum of obstetric nightmares, acknowledging that way worse has been endured.
In the painting of her own nightmare, Stern never tells readers exactly how long the baby is in the NICU, wearing the blue helmet that puts the baby’s brain into “therapeutic hypothermia.” It’s supposed to be three days but goes a bit longer. The entire time they’re in the hospital is a strange limbo, a series of days without sunrises and sunsets, an artificial measure of time, an infinity. When they eventually go home, it’s like they’ve forgotten how to live in the real world. And they feel inadequate to care for Jonah, their baby, in the abrupt absence of nurses, doctors, specialists, monitors, alarms, and breathing tubes.
Once home, this passage captures Stern’s righteous anger at their unexpected circumstances:
One of my first acts as a mother to a baby in my own home is to throw out the copy of What to Expect: The First Year. I’m furious with the authors whose cheerily upbeat lists of milestones and suggested activities and parenting tips organized by the month taunts. The book presupposes a plot, neatly organized by month, that doesn’t match our version of parenthood in the slightest. Jonah may not meet these milestones, or he may meet them late or scrambled out of order. We don’t know. For us, the book’s suggested activities get replaced by instructions from his team of therapists who come to our house and sit with him on the living room floor, dangling toys out of reach so he will lift his head or reach across the midline. I can expect nothing concrete except that I will have to wait and see for the future to be revealed. The name of the book alone is an insult (186).
Frontier belongs on a shelf with books like Homing Instincts and Ordinary Insanity by Sarah Menkedeck; Near Breathing by Kathryn Rhett; Hysterical by Elisa Bassist, and Lady Parts by Deborah Copaken. Not all of these titles address complications in childbirth, but all address the ways women and women’s health issues are sidelined by the medical establishment. Stern’s memoir engages the reader on so many levels—intellectually, psychologically, emotionally, and sheer curiosity. It’s a hard one to put down.
Finally, Stern’s talent for description awes the reader at every turn. Early on, her description of the Labor & Delivery room conjures an image of a multi-limbed monster: “…after the arms and claws recede back into the walls…” (47). A skilled writer, she doesn’t describe randomly, but carefully selects details from the memoir’s available landscape, to add depth and meaning and subtext, so that what she’s describing is both the actual, concrete object in the world (a child’s swing, a basketball post), but is also all the feeling and association that thing conjures.
From a scene with Jonah, in a park, many years past his traumatic birth:
Five minutes, I will repeat, landing back in the quiet of the leafy park, hands clutching the damp wooden slats beneath me. It will be getting late. Empty swings will stutter in the evening wind and the basketball posts’ shadows will stretch long and thin. Jonah will emerge from behind the trees, and, still running, tilt his head slightly in the direction of my voice (197).
The swing’s emptiness conjures up children absent or present, dead or alive, memory, ghosts. The swings “stutter” in the wind. Who ever thought of describing a swing as stuttering? This is sheer brilliance. Basketball posts, invitations for play, for sporting skill, the posts themselves rendered in shadow—long and thin and weakened. These symbols of childhood, of play, of boyhood—are captured exquisitely in their dilution and lack of certainty. In Stern’s deft hands.
Melanie Bishop is the author of My So-Called Ruined Life (2014) and Home for Wayward Girls (2023). She is Faculty Emeritus at Prescott College in Arizona, where she taught for 22 years. Bishop offers instruction and editing through Lexi Services. Learn more at her website.













































































































































